1. Effects of Antioxidants in Skeletal Muscle Work ROS are generated from either mitochondrial or nonmitochondrial sources during skeletal muscle work. These include NADPH, xanthine oxidases, phospholipase A2, and nitric oxide from NO synthase. During moderate exercise, oxidative balance is kept within physiological limits to minimize the effects of oxidative damage. It contains a complicated antioxidant [...]
Insulin-Mediated Glucose Uptake Skeletal muscle accounts for 30-40% of body mass. As the major metabolic tissue of the body, it plays an important role in the whole-body metabolism and homeostasis. Skeletal muscle tissue is responsible for over 80% of insulin-induced glucose uptake in the postprandial state. The molecular mechanisms of insulin-mediated glucose transport are intensively studied. [...]
Carotenoids, the precursors of vitamin A, are natural pigments supplied with regular highly conjugated π-bond systems, providing the natural yellow, orange, or red colors of many vegetables and fruits. Until now, more than 750 naturally occurring carotenoids have been found. Based on their structure, carotenoids can be compiled into two main groups: the carotenes also called carotenoid [...]
When we incorporate astaxanthin as a functional ingredient into foods, it is necessary to consider its low physicochemical stability when exposed to external agents such as light, extreme pHs, oxygen, and heat. Therefore, industrial processing will negatively affect the potential health effect of food-containing astaxanthin. Other factors, such as the interaction with other compounds in [...]
The use of astaxanthin(Haematococcus Pluvialis) as a food ingredient may have a double function. On the one hand, technological functionality, as they present an intense red color that can provide foods with an attractive reddish color. Furthermore, their antioxidant activity would protect food during processing and storage, improving quality. On the other hand, astaxanthin may play a [...]
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a lethal motor neuron disorder characterized by a progressive loss of the upper and lower motor neurons at the spinal or bulbar levels. There are two forms of ALS, sporadic- and familiar-type. The first type does not have a genetically inherited component. The mean age of onset varies from 50 to [...]
Parkinson’s Disease(PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. It is age-related and is caused by oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. The global prevalence of PD is estimated to be 0.1–0.2%, which increases with age (>80 years old) up to 3%. PD occurs mainly due to the motor and non-motor dysfunctional disorders, which are attributable to the loss [...]
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory and cognitive function impairment. In recent decades, the prevalence of AD has risen significantly. It may have a considerable effect and obstacles on the well-being and the ability to lead a healthy life of the affected patients. The excessive accumulation of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) in [...]
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most severe chronic neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by memory impairment and cognitive dysfunction due to neuronal loss, mainly in the neocortex and hippocampus. The incidence of AD has increased dramatically in the last decades. Nowadays, there are many unknown aspects regarding the physiopathology of AD. Various theories have tried to [...]
Cognitive disorders are a group of mental health diseases that cause several effects on mental abilities, such as learning, problem-solving, memory, and perception. The most important cognitive disorders are delirium, dementia, and amnesia. Delirium: an acute confusional state characterized by inactivation, disorganized thinking, and confusion of space and time. Dementia: progressive brain deterioration, memory impairment, confusion, [...]