Myofibroblasts are clinically and biologically important pathological features of pulmonary fibrosis, and their numbers on surgical lung biopsy directly correlate with progressive physiological deterioration and shortened survival. Although resident fibroblasts activate myofibroblasts in response to injury, their origin in lung fibrosis remains controversial. AECs gradually lose their epithelial cell markers and polarity during human lung fibrogenesis. [...]

There have been numerous studies concerning the beneficial effects of astaxanthin. Astaxanthin-mediated neuroprotection in experimental models of neurological disorders involves anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. The following sections will delve into these molecular mechanisms and their potential as treatments for neurological diseases. Anti-Oxidant Effects Oxidative stress is a key mediator in the pathology of neurological diseases. [...]

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is caused by the prolonged inhalation of toxic gases, primarily cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke contains many harmful substances, such as oxidants. It has been hypothesized that the etiology of COPD stems from an oxidant-antioxidant imbalance and a protease–antiprotease imbalance. Oxidative stress is an important factor in COPD pathogenesis. Therefore, antioxidant treatment [...]