Many studies have observed various cellular and molecular changes in response to Astaxanthin treatment. Consequently, it can be challenging to determine which of these effects may be attributed to the direct mechanisms of action, such as its direct antioxidant activity or indirect downstream effects in response to chronic astaxanthin treatment. We focus below on the early changes resulting [...]
Effects of Astaxanthin in the Central Nervous System Oxidative stress is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of age-related cognitive impairments. The high lipid content and metabolic rate make the neuronal system particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. Mitochondrial damage and dysfunction due to oxidative stress are reflected in age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as [...]
1. Effects of Antioxidants in Skeletal Muscle Work ROS are generated from either mitochondrial or nonmitochondrial sources during skeletal muscle work. These include NADPH, xanthine oxidases, phospholipase A2, and nitric oxide from NO synthase. During moderate exercise, oxidative balance is kept within physiological limits to minimize the effects of oxidative damage. It contains a complicated antioxidant [...]
Insulin-Mediated Glucose Uptake Skeletal muscle accounts for 30-40% of body mass. As the major metabolic tissue of the body, it plays an important role in the whole-body metabolism and homeostasis. Skeletal muscle tissue is responsible for over 80% of insulin-induced glucose uptake in the postprandial state. The molecular mechanisms of insulin-mediated glucose transport are intensively studied. [...]
Carotenoids, the precursors of vitamin A, are natural pigments supplied with regular highly conjugated π-bond systems, providing the natural yellow, orange, or red colors of many vegetables and fruits. Until now, more than 750 naturally occurring carotenoids have been found. Based on their structure, carotenoids can be compiled into two main groups: the carotenes also called carotenoid [...]
When we incorporate astaxanthin as a functional ingredient into foods, it is necessary to consider its low physicochemical stability when exposed to external agents such as light, extreme pHs, oxygen, and heat. Therefore, industrial processing will negatively affect the potential health effect of food-containing astaxanthin. Other factors, such as the interaction with other compounds in [...]
The use of astaxanthin(Haematococcus Pluvialis) as a food ingredient may have a double function. On the one hand, technological functionality, as they present an intense red color that can provide foods with an attractive reddish color. Furthermore, their antioxidant activity would protect food during processing and storage, improving quality. On the other hand, astaxanthin may play a [...]
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a lethal motor neuron disorder characterized by a progressive loss of the upper and lower motor neurons at the spinal or bulbar levels. There are two forms of ALS, sporadic- and familiar-type. The first type does not have a genetically inherited component. The mean age of onset varies from 50 to [...]
Host immune surveillance plays a crucial role in recognizing and destroying invading pathogens and host cells that become cancerous, so immunotherapy has become one of the major methods for cancer prevention and treatment. Accumulating evidence implicates that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides(GLP) exert the anticancer action in part by stimulating the immune function. GLP can activate T and B lymphocytes, [...]
Parkinson’s Disease(PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. It is age-related and is caused by oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. The global prevalence of PD is estimated to be 0.1–0.2%, which increases with age (>80 years old) up to 3%. PD occurs mainly due to the motor and non-motor dysfunctional disorders, which are attributable to the loss [...]